Lithuania

Butkus, A. An Outline and Classification of Lithuanian Nicknames. Names, 125-.

Butkus, A. (1995). Lietuviu Pravardes. Aesti.
Notes: = Lithuanian nicknames

Central Intelligence Agency. (196-). Lithuanian personal names. Washington.
Notes: LC Control Number: 68061066

Girvilas, K. A. (1978). Pre-Christian name giving in Lithuania. Lituanus, 24(3), 19-41.

Klimas, A. (1969). Some problems in Lithuanian onomastics: a case study of the family names (surnames) of a Lithuanian Village . Lituanus : Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences, 15(3).
Notes: Online: link to website

Kliukienë, R. (Lietuviu pavardžiu skiemens struktura (statistinis tyrimas) (Syllable Structure of Lithuanian Surnames (statistical analysis)) [Web Page] [link no longer available].
Abstract: from Central and Eastern European Online Library link to website:
In the article, an attempt is made to discuss structural types of the syllables of Lithuanian surnames and to determine the general regularities of the surname syllable phonotactics. In total, 145 954 phonological surname syllables have been examined. The analysis has revealed 28 generalised syllable structures. The experiment has been carried out using the original software programine SKIEMUO.PAS. (the programming language Turbo Pascal. 7), developed by A. Girdenis. The programme was used to statistically process surname syllables in order to determine the number of structural types of the syllables and their productivity. The results obtained can be summarised as follows:

• Average length of the Lithuanian surname is 3.18 syllables;
• Dominant structural types of the surname syllables are CV (42%) and CVC (33%);
• In surnames, open syllables prevail (73% of all syllables);
• The generalised structure of the Lithuanian surname syllables confirms the universality known
  in the world linguistics: the CVC structural type is rarer than that of CV, and VC is less frequent than CV.

Lawson, E., & Butkus, A. (1998). Lithuanian "Patriotic names", 1878-1991. Onoma, 34, 249-263.
Abstract: "Ninety-one families over 3 generations show their patterns of giving first names. A significant percentage of patriotic names emerged during the Soviet occupation" abstract source -ed lawson

Lawson, E. D. Religious, patriotic, ethnic factors and names. in: A. I. Boullón (editor), Novi te ex nomine : estudos filolóxicos ofrecidos ao Prof. Dr. Dieter Kremer (pp. 203-212). Santiago de Compestela, Galicia (Spain): Biblioteca Filolóxica Galega.
Abstract: "Names from Russia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Azerbaijan reflect political changes since the Czars. Russian occupation produced more patriotic names in the Baltics" source of abstract : ed lawson

Maciejauskiene, V. (1987). Lietuviu antroponimine sistema xviii a. Lietuvos TSR Mokslu Akademijos Darbai. A Serija: Visuomenes Mokslai , (1), 85-94.
Notes: [The Lithuanian anthroponymic system in the 18th century].
Abstract: Publisher’s abstract "Using a list of about 12,000 names collected from contemporary documents, concludes that the process of the development of Lithuanian surnames was completed in the 18th century. At this time only Christian first names were used, no Lithuanian national names. Before the 18th century surnames might come from the father’s name, from an occupation, or some personal factor, and they were not necessarily consistent among siblings. In the course of the 18th century rural inventories showed a growing consistency in surnames transmitted from father to son. Almost half the collected surnames originated as patronymics, most of these using Slavic forms."

Ramoniene, M. (2007). Language Planning and Personal Naming in Lithuania . Current Issues in Language Planning, 8(3), 422-436.

Schmalstieg, W. R. (1982). Lithuanian names. Lituanus, 28(3), 5-10.
Notes: 14c-20c.
Abstract: Publisher’s abstract "In ancient times the Lithuanians, like other peoples, had only single names. The use of surnames began around the end of the 14th and beginning of the 15th centuries. At first an urban and upper-class phenomenon, the formation of surnames occurred most intensively during the 16th and 17th centuries. The process was completed, for the most part, by the end of the 18th century, by which time the common folk as well as the privileged classes had family names which they used in a systematic fashion. Foreign, especially Polish, influences eventually led to a decline in the development of genuine Lithuanian personal names. But in the 20th century it has been popular to take old names from a variety of historical, literary, and geographical sources, both Baltic and non-Baltic."

Senn, A. (1945). Lithuanian Surnames . American Slavic and East European Review , 4(1/2), 127-137.

Struminskkyj, B. (1977). Surnames in -kevic, -xevic, -gevic. Names, 25, 119-123.
Abstract: Lawson1: "Consideration of the presence of surnames ending in -kevic in Lithuania, White Russia, Lithuanian Ukraine, and Polish settlements in the 15th and 16th centuries"

Struminskyj, B. (1977). Surnames in —kevic//—xevic//—gevic. Names, 25(3), 119-123.
Notes: 15c-18c.
Abstract: Publisher’s abstract "Examines the origins of Polish-Lithuanian surnames from Russia, 15th-18th centuries, which contained the phonemes –kevic, –xevic, and –gevic."

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